Ngo-2019, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada kwakubonakala ngathi yi-1.89 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni, ekubonakala ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada yaseTshayina yayiziitoni ezingama-950 ezigidi, kubalelwa kuma-50% ehlabathi lilonke.Ngo-2019, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada yaseTshayina kwafikelela kwirekhodi ephezulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada umntu ngamnye kwafikelela kuma-659 kg.Ukususela kumava ophuhliso lwamazwe aphuhlileyo eYurophu nase-United States, xa ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwensimbi engcolileyo kwi-capita nganye kufikelela kwi-500 kg, izinga lokusetyenziswa liya kuncipha.Ngoko ke, kunokuqikelelwa ukuba izinga lokusetyenziswa kwensimbi yaseChina lifikelele phezulu, liya kungena kwixesha elizinzile, kwaye ekugqibeleni imfuno iya kuncipha.Ngo-2020, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwehlabathi kunye nemveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yayiziitoni ezibhiliyoni eziyi-1.89 kunye neetoni ezibhiliyoni eziyi-1.88 ngokulandelelanayo.Intsimbi ekrwada eveliswe ngentsimbi ekrwada njengoko eyona mathiriyeli ikrwada yayimalunga ne-1.31 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni, itya malunga ne-2.33 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni zentsimbi ekrwada, engaphantsi kancinane kunemveliso ye-2.4 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni zentsimbi ekrwada kulo nyaka.
Ngokuhlalutya imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada kunye nokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi egqityiweyo, imfuno yemarike yentsimbi yentsimbi ingabonakaliswa.Ukwenzela ukunceda abafundi baqonde ngcono unxulumano phakathi kwezi zintathu, eli phepha lenza uhlalutyo olufutshane kwimiba emithathu: imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yehlabathi, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kunye nendlela yokubeka amaxabiso entsimbi yehlabathi jikelele.
Imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yehlabathi
Ngo-2020, imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yehlabathi ibiyi-1.88 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni.Imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yaseTshayina, iIndiya, iJapan, iUnited States, iRussia kunye noMzantsi Korea ibalelwa kwi-56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% kunye 3.6% yemveliso yehlabathi ngokulandelelana, kunye nentsimbi ekrwada iyonke. Imveliso yamazwe amathandathu ibalelwa kuma-77.5% emveliso yehlabathi.Ngo-2020, imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yehlabathi inyuke nge-30.8% unyaka nonyaka.
Imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yaseTshayina ngo-2020 yi-1.065 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni.Emva kokutyhoboza kwi-100 lezigidi zeetoni okokuqala ngo-1996, imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yaseTshayina yafikelela kuma-490 ezigidi zeetoni ngo-2007, ngaphezulu kokuphindaphindeka kane kwiminyaka eli-12, nomndilili wokukhula ngonyaka we-14.2%.Ukususela ngo-2001 ukuya ku-2007, izinga lokukhula ngonyaka liye lafikelela kuma-21.1%, lafikelela kuma-27.2% (2004).Emva 2007, achatshazelwa yingxaki yemali, izithintelo imveliso kunye nezinye izinto, izinga lokukhula kwemveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yaseTshayina yacotha, kwaye wabonisa ukukhula kakubi ngo-2015. Ngoko ke, kunokubonwa ukuba inqanaba eliphezulu ngesantya sentsimbi China kunye uphuhliso lwentsimbi ludlulile, ukukhula kwemveliso yexesha elizayo kulinganiselwe, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuya kubakho ukukhula okubi.
Ukusukela ngowama-2010 ukuya kowama-2020, izinga lokukhula kwemveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yase-Indiya ibikwindawo yesibini emva kwe-China, ngomndilili wokuhluma ngonyaka oyi-3.8%;Imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada igqithe kwi-100 yezigidi zeetoni okokuqala ngqa ngo-2017, yaba lilizwe lesihlanu elinemveliso yentsimbi ekrwada engaphezulu kwe-100 yezigidi zeetoni kwimbali, kwaye yagqitha eJapan ngo-2018, ikwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi.
IUnited States lilizwe lokuqala imveliso yonyaka 100 million iitoni zentsimbi ekrwada (ngaphezu 100 million iitoni zentsimbi ekrwada yaphunyezwa okokuqala 1953), ukufikelela imveliso ubuninzi 137 million iitoni ngo-1973, ukubekwa kuqala. ehlabathini ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso yentsimbi ekrwada ukusuka ngo-1950 ukuya ku-1972. Noko ke, ukususela ngo-1982, imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada eUnited States iye yancipha, kwaye imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada ngo-2020 yi-72,7 yezigidi zeetoni kuphela.
Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwehlabathi kwentsimbi ekrwada
Ngo-2019, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada kwihlabathi jikelele bekuyi-1.89 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni.Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada eTshayina, eIndiya, eUnited States, eJapan, eMzantsi Korea naseRussia kubalelwa kwi-50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% kunye ne-2.5% yetotali yehlabathi ngokulandelelanayo.Ngo-2019, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwehlabathi kwentsimbi ekrwada kunyuke nge-52.7% ngo-2009, ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka se-4.3%.
Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kweChina kwentsimbi ekrwada ngo-2019 kusondele kwi-1 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni.Emva kokutyhoboza iitoni ezili-100 lezigidi okokuqala ngo-1993, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada kwaseTshayina kwafikelela ngaphezu kwe-200 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2002, kwaza kwangena kwixesha lokukhula ngokukhawuleza, kwafikelela kwi-570 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2009, ukwanda kwe-179.2% ngaphezulu 2002 kunye nomndilili wokukhula ngonyaka we-15.8%.Emva kowama-2009, ngenxa yeengxaki zemali kunye nohlengahlengiso lwezoqoqosho, ukukhula kweemfuno kuye kwathotha.Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kweChina kwentsimbi ekrwada kubonakalise ukukhula okungalunganga ngo-2014 no-2015, kwaye kwabuyela kuhlumo oluncomekayo ngo-2016, kodwa ukukhula kwehlile kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada yaseIndiya ngo-2019 yayiziitoni ezizizigidi ezili-108.86, idlula i-United States kwaye ikwindawo yesibini emhlabeni.Ngo-2019, ukubonakala kokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada yaseIndiya kunyuke nge-69.1% ngo-2009, ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka esikwi-5.4%, sibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi kwangelo xesha linye.
I-United States lilizwe lokuqala ehlabathini ekusetyenziswe okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada kudlula i-100 lezigidi zeetoni, kwaye ikwinqanaba lokuqala kwihlabathi iminyaka emininzi.Ukuchatshazelwa yingxaki yezemali ka-2008, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada e-United States kwehle kakhulu ngo-2009, phantse nge-1/3 esezantsi kunoko ngo-2008, kuphela iitoni ezizigidi ezingama-69.4.Ukusukela ngo-1993, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada e-United States bekungaphantsi kweetoni zezigidi ezili-100 kuphela ngo-2009 no-2010.
Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada ngokwelizwe ngomntu ngamnye
Ngo-2019, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada emhlabeni ngomntu ngamnye kwakuyi-245 kg.Eyona nto iphakamileyo yokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada ngumntu wonke yayiyiSouth Korea (1082 kg / umntu).Amanye amazwe atyebileyo entsimbi ekrwada asetyenziswa kakhulu ngabantu baseTshayina (659 kg / umntu), iJapan (550 kg / umntu), iJamani (443 kg / umntu), iTurkey (332 kg / umntu), iRussia (322 kg / umntu). umntu) kunye neUnited States (265 kg / umntu).
I-Industrialization yinkqubo apho abantu baguqula ubutyebi bendalo bube bubutyebi boluntu.Xa ubutyebi bezentlalo buqokelela kwinqanaba elithile kwaye i-industrialization ingena kwixesha elivuthiweyo, utshintsho oluphawulekayo luya kwenzeka kwisakhiwo sezoqoqosho, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada kunye nemithombo ebalulekileyo yezimbiwa kuya kuqala ukuhla, kwaye isantya sokusetyenziswa kwamandla siya kuncipha.Ngokomzekelo, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada ngomntu ngamnye e-United States kwahlala kwizinga eliphezulu kwi-1970, ukufikelela kwi-711 kg (1973).Ukusukela ngoko, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada ngomntu ngamnye e-United States kwaqala ukwehla, ngokuncipha okukhulu ukusuka kwiminyaka yoo-1980 ukuya koo-1990.Yawela ezantsi (226kg) ngo-2009 kwaye yaphinda yaphinda yaya kuthi ga kwi-330kg de kube ngu-2019.
Ngo-2020, inani labantu baseIndiya, eMzantsi Melika kunye ne-Afrika baya kuba yi-1.37 yezigidigidi, i-650 yezigidi kunye ne-1.29 yezigidigidi ngokulandelanayo, eya kuba yindawo enkulu yokukhula kweemfuno zentsimbi kwixesha elizayo, kodwa kuya kuxhomekeka kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. ngela xesha.
Indlela yokuxabisa intsimbi yehlabathi jikelele
Indlela yokubeka amaxabiso entsimbi yehlabathi ngokubanzi ibandakanya amaxabiso onxulumano lwexesha elide kunye nesalathiso samaxabiso.Amaxabiso onxulumano exesha elide ebekhe yaba yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokubeka amaxabiso entsimbi ehlabathini.Undoqo wayo kukuba unikezelo kunye nemfuno amacala entsimbi ekrwada atshixa ubungakanani bonikezelo okanye ubungakanani bokuthenga ngeekhontrakthi zexesha elide.Ixesha eliqhelekileyo liyiminyaka emi-5-10, okanye iminyaka engama-20-30, kodwa ixabiso alilungiswanga.Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980, ibhenchmark yamaxabiso endlela yokubeka amaxabiso exesha elide itshintshile ukusuka kwixabiso lokuqala leFOB ukuya kwixabiso elidumileyo kunye nothutho lwaselwandle.
Umkhwa wamaxabiso wendlela yokubeka amaxabiso exesha elide kukuba kunyaka-mali ngamnye, abathengisi bentsimbi behlabathi abakhulu bayathethathethana nabathengi babo abakhulu ukumisela ixabiso lentsimbi kunyaka-mali olandelayo.Nje ukuba ixabiso limiselwe, omabini amaqela kufuneka alisebenzise kwisithuba sonyaka omnye ngokwexabiso ekuxoxiswene ngalo.Emva kokuba naliphi na iqela labafuna intsimbi ekrwada kunye nalo naliphi na iqela lomthengisi wentsimbi lifikelele kwisivumelwano, uthethathethwano luyakuqukunjelwa, kwaye ixabiso lamazwe ngamazwe lentsimbi liya kuqukunjelwa ukususela ngoko ukuya phambili.Le ndlela yothethathethwano yindlela "yokuqala ukulandela umkhwa".Ibenchmark yexabiso yiFOB.Ukwanda kwentsimbi ekrwada yomgangatho ofanayo kwihlabathi liphela kuyafana, oko kukuthi, “FOB, ukwanda okufanayo”.
Ixabiso lentsimbi ekrwada eJapan lalilawula imarike yentsimbi yehlabathi ngeetoni ezingama-20 ngo-1980 ukuya kowama-2001. Emva kokungena kwinkulungwane yama-21, ishishini lentsimbi nentsimbi laseTshayina lachuma laza laqalisa ukuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekuboneleleni nasekufuneni ipateni yentsimbi yehlabathi lonke. .imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yaqala ukungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokwandiswa okukhawulezayo komthamo wentsimbi yehlabathi kunye nentsimbi yokuvelisa, kwaye amaxabiso entsimbi kumazwe ngamazwe aqala ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza, ebeka isiseko “sokwehla” kwendlela yexabiso lesivumelwano sexesha elide.
Ngo-2008, i-BHP, i-vale kunye ne-Rio Tinto zaqala ukukhangela iindlela zokubeka amaxabiso ezikhuthaza umdla wabo.Emva kokuba uvale uthethathethwano ngexabiso lokuqala, iRio Tinto yalwela ukonyuka okukhulu iyodwa, kwaye imodeli “yolandelelo lokuqala” yaphulwa okokuqala.Kwi-2009, emva kokuba i-steel mills eJapan naseMzantsi Korea iqinisekisile "ixabiso lokuqala" kunye nabavukuzi abathathu abakhulu, i-China ayizange ivume ukuhla kwe-33%, kodwa yafikelela kwisivumelwano kunye ne-FMG ngexabiso eliphantsi.Ukusukela ngoko, imodeli “yokuqala ngokulandela umkhwa” yaphela ngokusesikweni, kwaye kwabakho indlela yokubekwa kwamaxabiso.
Okwangoku, izalathi zentsimbi ezikhutshwe kumazwe ngamazwe ikakhulu ziquka i-Platts iodex, i-TSI index, i-range index kunye ne-China iron ore index (ciopi).Ukusukela ngo-2010, isalathiso se-Platts sikhethwe yi-BHP, i-Vale, i-FMG kunye ne-Rio Tinto njengesiseko samaxabiso e-iron ore kumazwe ngamazwe.Isalathisi sokugijima sakhululwa yi-British metal herald ngoMeyi ka-2009, ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-62% ye-iron ore kwi-port yase-Qingdao, e-China (CFR).Isalathiso se-TSI sakhululwa yinkampani yaseBritani i-SBB ngo-Epreli 2006. Okwangoku, isetyenziswa kuphela njengesiseko sokuhlaliswa kweentengiselwano ze-iron ore swap kwi-Singapore kunye ne-Chicago exchanges, kwaye ayinayo impembelelo kwimarike yorhwebo ye-iron. intsimbi.Isalathiso samaxabiso entsimbi yaseTshayina sakhutshwa ngokudibeneyo yi-China Iron and Steel Industry Association, iChina Minmetals chemical import and Export Chamber of Commerce and China Metallurgical and mining enterprises association.Yafakwa kulingo lokusebenza ngo-Agasti ka-2011. Isalathisi sexabiso lentsimbi ekrwada yaseTshayina siquka izalathisi ezimbini: isalathisi sexabiso lentsimbi yasekhaya kunye nesalathiso samaxabiso entsimbi ekrwada evela kumazwe angaphandle, zombini zisekelwe kwixabiso lika-Epreli ka-1994 (amanqaku ali-100).
Ngo-2011, ixabiso le-iron ore ephuma kumazwe angaphandle e-China lidlula i-US $ 190 / itoni eyomileyo, irekhodi eliphezulu, kwaye ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lonyaka laloo nyaka laliyi-US $ 162.3 / itoni eyomileyo.Emva koko, ixabiso le-iron ore elingeniswa eChina laqala ukuhla ngonyaka ngonyaka, lifikelela ezantsi kwi-2016, ngexabiso eliqhelekileyo lonyaka le-US $ 51.4 / toni eyomileyo.Emva kowama-2016, ixabiso lentsimbi ekrwada evela kumazwe angaphandle yaseTshayina liphinde lanyuka kancinci.Ngo-2021, ixabiso eliphakathi kweminyaka emi-3, ixabiso eliphakathi kweminyaka emi-5 kunye nexabiso eliphakathi kweminyaka eli-10 laliyi-109.1 USD / itoni eyomileyo, i-93.2 USD / itoni eyomileyo kunye ne-94.6 USD / itoni eyomileyo ngokulandelelanayo.