Ngowama-2019, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada ehlabathini lonke kwakuyi-1.89 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni, apho ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada eTshayina yayiyi-950 yezigidi zeetoni, nto leyo eyenza i-50% yenani lilonke lehlabathi. Ngowama-2019, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada eTshayina kwafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada ngomntu ngamnye kwafikelela kwi-659 kg. Ngokweengxelo zophuhliso lwamazwe aseYurophu nase-United States, xa ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada ngomntu ngamnye kufikelela kwi-500 kg, inqanaba lokusetyenziswa liya kwehla. Ke ngoko, kunokuqikelelwa ukuba inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada eTshayina lifikelele kwincopho, liza kungena kwixesha elizinzileyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni imfuno iya kwehla. Ngowama-2020, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada kwihlabathi liphela kunye nemveliso yayiziitoni ze-1.89 zeebhiliyoni kunye neetoni ze-1.88 zeebhiliyoni ngokwahlukeneyo. Intsimbi eluhlaza eyenziwe nge-iron ore njengezinto eziphambili ezisetyenzisiweyo yayimalunga neetoni ezili-1.31 zeebhiliyoni, itya malunga neetoni ezili-2.33 zeebhiliyoni ze-iron ore, engaphantsi kancinci kunemveliso yeetoni ezili-2.4 zeebhiliyoni ze-iron ore kunyaka omnye.
Ngokuhlalutya imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada kunye nokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi egqityiweyo, imfuno yemarike yentsimbi ekrwada inokubonakaliswa. Ukuze kuncedwe abafundi baqonde ngcono ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi zintathu, eli phepha lenza uhlalutyo olufutshane kwiinkalo ezintathu: imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yehlabathi, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kunye nendlela yokubeka amaxabiso entsimbi ekrwada kwihlabathi liphela.
Imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yehlabathi
Ngowama-2020, imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yehlabathi yayiziitoni ezili-1.88 zeebhiliyoni. Imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada evela eTshayina, eIndiya, eJapan, eUnited States, eRashiya naseMzantsi Korea yayingama-56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% kunye ne-3.6% yemveliso iyonke yehlabathi ngokulandelelana, kwaye imveliso iyonke yentsimbi ekrwada yamazwe amathandathu yayingama-77.5% yemveliso iyonke yehlabathi. Ngowama-2020, imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yehlabathi yonyuke ngama-30.8% unyaka nonyaka.
Imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yaseTshayina ngo-2020 yi-1.065 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni. Emva kokugqitha kwiitoni ezili-100 lezigidi okokuqala ngo-1996, imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yaseTshayina ifikelele kwiitoni ezingama-490 ezigidi ngo-2007, ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kane kwiminyaka eli-12, kunye nomyinge wokukhula konyaka we-14.2%. Ukususela ngo-2001 ukuya ku-2007, izinga lokukhula konyaka lifikelele kwi-21.1%, lifikelela kwi-27.2% (2004). Emva ko-2007, echaphazeleke yingxaki yezemali, imida yemveliso kunye nezinye izinto, izinga lokukhula kwemveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yaseTshayina liye lehla, laze labonisa nokukhula okubi ngo-2015. Ke ngoko, kunokubonwa ukuba inqanaba lesantya esiphezulu sophuhliso lwentsimbi nentsimbi yaseTshayina lidlulile, ukukhula kwemveliso yexesha elizayo kunqongophele, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuya kubakho ukukhula okubi.
Ukususela ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2020, izinga lokukhula kwemveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza eIndiya lalilandela iTshayina kuphela, ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka esiphakathi se-3.8%; Imveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza idlule kwi-100 yezigidi zeetoni okokuqala ngo-2017, yaba lilizwe lesihlanu elinemveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza engaphezulu kwe-100 yezigidi zeetoni kwimbali, kwaye yadlula iJapan ngo-2018, ikwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi liphela.
I-United States lilizwe lokuqala elivelisa i-100 lezigidi zeetoni zentsimbi ekrwada ngonyaka (ngaphezulu kwe-100 lezigidi zeetoni zentsimbi ekrwada zafunyanwa okokuqala ngo-1953), zafikelela kwi-137 lezigidi zeetoni ngo-1973, zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi ngokwemveliso yentsimbi ekrwada ukususela ngo-1950 ukuya ku-1972. Nangona kunjalo, ukusukela ngo-1982, imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada e-United States yehlile, kwaye imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada ngo-2020 yi-72.7 yezigidi zeetoni kuphela.
Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi eluhlaza okubonakalayo kwihlabathi liphela
Ngowama-2019, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada kwihlabathi liphela bekuyi-1.89 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni. Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada eTshayina, eIndiya, eMelika, eJapan, eMzantsi Korea naseRashiya kube yi-50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% kunye ne-2.5% yenani lilonke lehlabathi ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngowama-2019, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada kwihlabathi liphela kunyuke nge-52.7% ngaphezulu kowama-2009, kunye nomlinganiselo wokukhula wonyaka we-4.3%.
Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada eTshayina ngo-2019 kusondele kwi-1 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni. Emva kokudlula kwiitoni ezili-100 lezigidi okokuqala ngo-1993, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada eTshayina kwafikelela kwiitoni ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200 ngo-2002, kwaza kwangena kwixesha lokukhula ngokukhawuleza, kwafikelela kwiitoni ezingama-570 lezigidi ngo-2009, ukwanda kwe-179.2% ngaphezu ko-2002 kunye nomyinge wokukhula konyaka we-15.8%. Emva ko-2009, ngenxa yengxaki yezemali kunye nohlengahlengiso lwezoqoqosho, ukukhula kwemfuno kuye kwehla. Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada eTshayina kubonise ukukhula okungalunganga ngo-2014 nango-2015, kwaza kwabuyela ekukhuleni okuhle ngo-2016, kodwa ukukhula kuye kwehla kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada eIndiya ngo-2019 bekuyi-108.86 yezigidi zeetoni, kudlula i-United States kwaye kubekwe kwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi liphela. Ngo-2019, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada eIndiya kunyuke nge-69.1% ngaphezulu kowama-2009, kunye nomlinganiselo wokukhula konyaka we-5.4%, ubekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi liphela ngelo xesha linye.
I-United States lilizwe lokuqala emhlabeni elisebenzisa intsimbi ekrwada ngaphezu kweetoni ezili-100 lezigidi, kwaye libekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi iminyaka emininzi. Ngenxa yengxaki yezemali ka-2008, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada eMelika kwehle kakhulu ngo-2009, phantse nge-1/3 ngaphantsi kunaleyo yango-2008, kuphela ziitoni ezingama-69.4 ezigidi. Ukususela ngo-1993, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada eMelika bekungaphantsi kweetoni ezili-100 lezigidi kuphela ngo-2009 nango-2010.
Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi eluhlaza ngomntu ngamnye kwihlabathi liphela
Ngowama-2019, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi eluhlaza emhlabeni wonke yayingama-245 kg. Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi eluhlaza okuphezulu ngomntu ngamnye yayiyiSouth Korea (1082 kg ngomntu ngamnye). Amanye amazwe amakhulu asebenzisa intsimbi eluhlaza anokusetyenziswa okuphezulu ngomntu ngamnye yiTshayina (659 kg ngomntu ngamnye), iJapan (550 kg ngomntu ngamnye), iJamani (443 kg ngomntu ngamnye), iTurkey (332 kg ngomntu ngamnye), iRashiya (322 kg ngomntu ngamnye) kunye ne-United States (265 kg ngomntu ngamnye).
Ushishino yinkqubo apho abantu baguqula izixhobo zendalo zibe bubutyebi bentlalo. Xa ubutyebi bentlalo buqokelelana ukuya kwinqanaba elithile kwaye uphuhliso lwezoshishino lungena kwixesha elivuthiweyo, kuya kwenzeka utshintsho olukhulu kwisakhiwo sezoqoqosho, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi ekrwada kunye nezixhobo ezibalulekileyo zezimbiwa kuya kuqala ukwehla, kwaye isantya sokusetyenziswa kwamandla siya kuncipha. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada ngomntu ngamnye eMelika kwahlala kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngeminyaka yoo-1970, kufikelela kubuninzi be-711 kg (1973). Ukususela ngoko, ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwentsimbi ekrwada ngomntu ngamnye eMelika kwaqala ukwehla, kunye nokwehla okukhulu ukusuka kwiminyaka yoo-1980 ukuya kwiminyaka yoo-1990. Yehla yaya ezantsi (226kg) ngo-2009 yaza yabuyela kancinci ukuya kwi-330kg ukuya kutsho ngo-2019.
Ngowama-2020, inani lilonke labantu baseIndiya, eMzantsi Melika naseAfrika liza kuba yi-1.37 yeebhiliyoni, i-650 yezigidi kunye ne-1.29 yeebhiliyoni ngokulandelelana, nto leyo eya kuba yindawo ephambili yokukhula kwemfuno yentsimbi kwixesha elizayo, kodwa kuya kuxhomekeka kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwamazwe ahlukeneyo ngelo xesha.
Indlela yokubeka amaxabiso e-iron ore kwihlabathi liphela
Indlela yokuxabisa i-iron ore yehlabathi ibandakanya ikakhulu amaxabiso omanyano lwexesha elide kunye namaxabiso esalathisi. Amaxabiso omanyano lwexesha elide ngaphambili ayeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuxabisa i-iron ore ehlabathini. Eyona nto iphambili kukuba amacala okubonelela kunye neemfuno ze-iron ore avale ubungakanani bobonelelo okanye ubungakanani bokuthenga ngezivumelwano zexesha elide. Eli xesha ngokubanzi liyiminyaka emi-5-10, okanye iminyaka engama-20-30, kodwa ixabiso alikamiselwanga. Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1980, indlela yokulinganisa amaxabiso yendlela yokuxabisa i-iron ore yexesha elide itshintshile ukusuka kwixabiso lokuqala le-FOB ukuya kwixabiso elidumileyo kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla elwandle.
Umkhwa wamaxabiso wenkqubo yokubeka amaxabiso yentsebenziswano yexesha elide kukuba kunyaka-mali ngamnye, abathengisi be-iron ore abaphambili kwihlabathi bathethathethana nabathengi babo abakhulu ukuze bamisele ixabiso le-iron ore lonyaka-mali olandelayo. Nje ukuba ixabiso limiselwe, omabini amaqela kufuneka alisebenzise kungekapheli unyaka omnye ngokwexabiso elixoxiswane ngalo. Emva kokuba naliphi na iqela lomthengi we-iron ore kunye naliphi na iqela lomthengisi we-iron ore befikelele kwisivumelwano, iingxoxo ziya kugqitywa, kwaye ixabiso le-iron ore lamazwe ngamazwe liya kugqitywa ukususela ngoko ukuya phambili. Le ndlela yokuxoxisana yindlela "yokuqala ukulandela umkhwa". Umlinganiselo wamaxabiso yi-FOB. Ukunyuka kwe-iron ore yomgangatho ofanayo kwihlabathi liphela kuyafana, oko kukuthi, "FOB, ukwanda okufanayo".
Ixabiso le-iron ore eJapan lalilawula imarike ye-iron ore yehlabathi ngeetoni ezingama-20 ngo-1980 ukuya ku-2001. Emva kokungena kwinkulungwane yama-21, ishishini le-iron ne-steel laseTshayina lachuma laza laqala ukuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwindlela yokubonelela kunye nemfuno ye-iron ore yehlabathi. Imveliso ye-iron ore yaqala ukungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokwanda okukhawulezileyo kwamandla emveliso ye-iron ne-steel kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye amaxabiso e-iron ore ngamazwe ngamazwe aqala ukunyuka kakhulu, ebeka isiseko "sokwehla" kwendlela yesivumelwano sexesha elide.
Ngowama-2008, i-BHP, i-vale kunye neRio Tinto baqala ukufuna iindlela zokubiza amaxabiso ezilungele iimfuno zabo. Emva kokuba i-vale ithethe ngexabiso lokuqala, iRio Tinto yalwela ukonyuka okukhulu yodwa, kwaye imodeli "yokulandelela yokuqala" yaphulwa okokuqala. Ngowama-2009, emva kokuba iifektri zentsimbi eJapan naseMzantsi Korea ziqinisekisile "ixabiso lokuqala" nabavukuzi abathathu abakhulu, iTshayina ayizange ikwamkele ukuhla kwe-33%, kodwa yafikelela kwisivumelwano ne-FMG ngexabiso eliphantsi kancinci. Ukususela ngoko, imodeli "yokulandela umkhwa" yaphela ngokusesikweni, kwaye indlela yokubeka amaxabiso kwi-index yaqala ukusebenza.
Okwangoku, ii-index ze-iron ore ezikhutshwe kwihlabathi liphela ziquka i-Platts iodex, i-TSI index, i-mbio index kunye ne-China iron ore price index (ciopi). Ukususela ngo-2010, i-Platts index ikhethwe yi-BHP, i-Vale, i-FMG kunye ne-Rio Tinto njengesiseko samaxabiso e-iron ore ngamazwe ngamazwe. I-mbio index yakhutshwa yi-British metal healder ngoMeyi 2009, ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-62% grade iron ore e-Qingdao port, e-China (CFR). I-TSI index yakhutshwa yinkampani yase-Bhritane i-SBB ngo-Epreli 2006. Okwangoku, isetyenziswa kuphela njengesiseko sokuhlawula iintengiselwano zokutshintshana kwe-iron ore kwiindawo zokutshintshiselana zaseSingapore naseChicago, kwaye ayinampembelelo kwimarike yorhwebo lwe-spot ye-iron ore. I-index yexabiso le-iron ore yase-China yakhutshwa ngokudibeneyo yi-China Iron and Steel Industry Association, i-China Minmetals chemical import and Export Chamber of Commerce kunye ne-China Metallurgical and mining enterprises association. Yaqaliswa ukusebenza ngo-Agasti 2011. Isalathisi samaxabiso esinyithi saseTshayina siqulathe ii-sub indexes ezimbini: isalathisi samaxabiso esinyithi sasekhaya kunye nesalathisi samaxabiso esinyithi angeniswe kwamanye amazwe, zombini zisekelwe kwixabiso lika-Epreli 1994 (amanqaku ali-100).
Ngowama-2011, ixabiso le-iron ore engeniswe eTshayina ladlula i-US $190 ngetoni eyomileyo, ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu, kwaye ixabiso eliphakathi lonyaka laloo nyaka yayiyi-US $162.3 ngetoni eyomileyo. Emva koko, ixabiso le-iron ore engeniswe eTshayina laqala ukwehla unyaka nonyaka, lafikelela ezantsi ngo-2016, ngexabiso eliphakathi lonyaka le-US $51.4 ngetoni eyomileyo. Emva kowama-2016, ixabiso le-iron ore engeniswe eTshayina laphinda landa kancinci. Ngowama-2021, ixabiso eliphakathi leminyaka emi-3, ixabiso eliphakathi leminyaka emi-5 kunye nexabiso eliphakathi leminyaka eli-10 yayiyi-109.1 USD ngetoni eyomileyo, i-93.2 USD ngetoni eyomileyo kunye ne-94.6 USD ngetoni eyomileyo ngokwahlukeneyo.