Ngomhla we-15 kaMatshi, indlela yokulawula umda wekhabhoni (i-CBAM, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-EU carbon tariff) yamkelwa kwangaphambili liBhunga le-EU.Kucetywa ukuba kuphunyezwe ngokusemthethweni ukususela ngomhla woku-1 kweyoMqungu ngowama-2023, kumiselwa ixesha lotshintsho leminyaka emithathu.Ngaloo mini, kwintlanganiso yekomiti yezoqoqosho kunye nemicimbi yezemali (Ecofin) yeBhunga laseYurophu, abaphathiswa bezemali kumazwe angama-27 e-EU bamkela isiphakamiso se-carbon tariff yaseFransi, umongameli ojikelezayo weBhunga laseYurophu.Oku kuthetha ukuba aMazwe angamaLungu e-EU axhasa ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo wentlawulo yekhabhoni.Njengesiphakamiso sokuqala sehlabathi sokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngendlela yoluhlu lweerhafu zekhabhoni, indlela yokulawula umda wekhabhoni iya kuba nefuthe elifikelela kude kurhwebo lweHlabathi.Kulindeleke ukuba ngoJulayi kulo nyaka, umrhumo wekhabhoni we-EU uya kungena kwinqanaba leengxoxo ezintathu phakathi kweKhomishini yaseYurophu, iBhunga laseYurophu kunye nePalamente yaseYurophu.Ukuba ihamba kakuhle, isicatshulwa somthetho sokugqibela siya kwamkelwa.
Ingqikelelo “yentlawulo yekhabhoni” ayizange iphunyezwe ngomyinge omkhulu wokwenene ukusukela oko yabekwa phambili ngoo-1990.Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba umrhumo wekhabhoni we-EU unokuba ngumrhumo okhethekileyo wokungenisa elizweni osetyenziselwa ukuthenga ilayisenisi yokungeniswa kwe-EU okanye irhafu yokusetyenziswa kwasekhaya ehlawuliswa kumxholo wekhabhoni wemveliso ethunyelwa ngaphandle, yenye yezitshixo kwimpumelelo ye-EU entsha eluhlaza. isivumelwano.Ngokweemfuno zomrhumo wekhabhoni we-EU, iya kuhlawulisa irhafu kwintsimbi, isamente, i-aluminiyam kunye nezichumisi zekhemikhali ezisuka kumazwe nakwimimandla enezithintelo zokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.Ixesha lenguqu yale ndlela lisuka ku-2023 ukuya ku-2025. Ngexesha lenguqu, akukho mfuneko yokuhlawula imirhumo ehambelanayo, kodwa abathumeli bangaphandle kufuneka bangenise izatifikethi zomthamo wemveliso, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokukhutshwa okungathanga ngqo, kunye nemirhumo enxulumene nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. iimveliso kwilizwe imvelaphi.Emva kokuphela kwexesha lotshintsho, abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle baya kuhlawula imirhumo efanelekileyo yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yeemveliso ezivela kumazwe angaphandle.Okwangoku, i-EU ifune ukuba amashishini avavanye, abale kwaye anike ingxelo ngexabiso lekhabhoni yeemveliso ngokwazo.Ukuphunyezwa kwerhafu yekhabhoni ye-EU kuya kuba nayiphi impembelelo?Ziziphi iingxaki ezijongene nokuphunyezwa kweentlawulo zekhabhoni ze-EU?Eli phepha liza kuhlalutya ngokufutshane oku.
Siza kukhawulezisa ukuphuculwa kweemarike zekhabhoni
Uphononongo lubonise ukuba phantsi kweemodeli ezahlukeneyo kunye namazinga erhafu ahlukeneyo, ukuqokelelwa kweerhafu zekhabhoni ze-EU kuya kunciphisa urhwebo olupheleleyo lwaseChina kunye neYurophu nge-10% ~ 20%.Ngokwengqikelelo yeKhomishini yaseYurophu, iirhafu zekhabhoni ziya kuzisa i-4 yezigidigidi zee-euro kwi-15 yezigidigidi zee-euro "zengeniso eyongezelelweyo" kwi-EU minyaka le, kwaye iya kubonisa ukunyuka okunyukayo unyaka nonyaka kwixesha elithile.I-EU iya kugxininisa kwiintlawulo ze-aluminium, isichumisi sekhemikhali, intsimbi kunye nombane.Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba i-EU "iya kuchitha" iirhafu zekhabhoni kwamanye amazwe ngamalungiselelo amaziko, ukuze ibe nempembelelo enkulu kwimisebenzi yorhwebo yaseChina.
Ngo-2021, ukuthunyelwa kwentsimbi yaseTshayina kumazwe angama-27 e-EU kunye ne-UK yafikelela kwi-3.184 yezigidi zeetoni, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka ngama-52.4%.Ngokwexabiso le-euro ye-50 / itoni kwimarike yekhabhoni ngo-2021, i-EU iya kumisela intlawulo yekhabhoni ye-159.2 yezigidi ze-euro kwiimveliso zetsimbi zaseChina.Oku kuya kunciphisa ngakumbi inzuzo yexabiso lemveliso yentsimbi yaseTshayina ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kwi-EU.Kwangaxeshanye, iya kukhuthaza ishishini lentsimbi laseTshayina ukukhawulezisa isantya sokususa ikhabhoni kunye nokukhawulezisa uphuhliso lwemarike yekhabhoni.Ngaphantsi kweempembelelo zenjongo yeemfuno zemeko yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemfuno yokwenene yamashishini aseTshayina ukuba aphendule ngokusebenzayo kwindlela yokulawula umda wekhabhoni we-EU, uxinzelelo lokwakhiwa kwemarike yekhabhoni yaseChina iyaqhubeka nokukhula.Ingumba omele uqwalaselwe nzulu ukukhuthaza ngexesha elifanelekileyo ishishini lentsimbi kunye nentsimbi kunye namanye amashishini ukuba afakwe kwinkqubo yokuthengisa i-carbon emission system.Ngokukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kunye nokuphucula imarike yekhabhoni, ukunciphisa inani leerhafu ekufuneka amashishini aseTshayina ahlawule ukuthunyelwa kweemveliso kwimarike ye-EU nako kunokuphepha irhafu ephindwe kabini.
Ukuvuselela ukukhula kwemfuno yamandla aluhlaza
Ngokwesiphakamiso esitsha esamkelweyo, umrhumo wekhabhoni we-EU uqaphela kuphela ixabiso lekhabhoni elicacileyo, eliya kukhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwemfuno yamandla aluhlaza eTshayina.Okwangoku, akwaziwa ukuba i-EU iyakuqonda ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwemveliso eqinisekisiweyo yaseTshayina (CCER).Ukuba imarike yekhabhoni ye-EU ayiqapheli i-CCER, okokuqala, iya kutyhafisa amashishini aseChina ajolise ekuthengeni i-CCER ukuphelisa i-quotas, okwesibini, iya kubangela ukunqongophala kwe-carbon quotas kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ekhabhoni, kwaye okwesithathu, i-export-oriented amashishini aya kuba nolangazelelo lokufumana izikimu zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweendleko eziphantsi ezinokuvala isithuba sezabelo.Ngokusekwe kuphuhliso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokusetyenziswa phantsi kwesicwangciso saseTshayina “sekhabhoni ephindwe kabini”, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ohlaza kubonakalise ukuba lolona khetho lungcono kumashishini ukujongana neerhafu zekhabhoni ze-EU.Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwemfuno yabathengi, oku akuyi kunceda nje ekuphuculeni umthamo wokusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo, kodwa kuvuselele amashishini ukuba atyale imali ekuveliseni amandla ahlaziyekayo.
Ukukhawulezisa ukuqinisekiswa kweemveliso zekhabhoni ephantsi kunye ne-zero
Okwangoku, i-ArcelorMittal, ishishini lentsimbi laseYurophu, liphehlelele i-zero carbon steel certification ngokusebenzisa isicwangciso se-xcarbtm, i-ThyssenKrupp yaphehlelela i-blueminttm, i-brand yentsimbi ekhupha ikhabhoni ephantsi, i-Nucor steel, ishishini lensimbi laseMelika, licebise i-zero carbon steel econiqtm, kunye ne-Schnitzer. intsimbi ikwacebise i-GRN steeltm, ibha kunye nemathiriyeli yocingo.Ngaphantsi kwemvelaphi yokukhawulezisa ukufezekiswa kwe-carbon neutralization emhlabeni, amashishini esinyithi kunye nentsimbi yaseChina i-Baowu, i-Hegang, i-Anshan Iron kunye nentsimbi, i-Jianlong, njl. baye bakhupha ngokulandelelana imephu yendlela ye-carbon neutralization, igcina isantya kunye namashishini aphambili ehlabathi kuphando lwe. izisombululo zeteknoloji, kwaye sizame ukugqwesa.
Ukuphunyezwa kokwenyani kusajongene nemiqobo emininzi
Kusekho imiqobo emininzi ekuphunyezweni kwangempela kwerhafu yekhabhoni ye-EU, kwaye inkqubo ye-carbon quota yasimahla iya kuba ngumqobo ophambili wokumiselwa ngokusemthethweni kwerhafu yekhabhoni.Ekupheleni kuka-2019, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha samashishini kwinkqubo yokurhweba ngekhabhoni ye-EU asanandipha izabelo zasimahla zekhabhoni.Oku kuya kuphazamisa ukhuphiswano kwaye akuhambelani nesicwangciso se-EU sokuphumeza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2050.
Ukongezelela, i-EU inethemba lokuba ngokumisela iirhafu zekhabhoni kunye namaxabiso ekhabhoni angaphakathi afanayo kwiimveliso ezifanayo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, iya kuzama ukuhambelana nemithetho echaphazelekayo yombutho wezorhwebo wehlabathi, ngakumbi iSiqendu 1 (esona sizwe sithandwa kakhulu unyango) kunye neSiqendu 3 (iSiqendu 3). umthetho-siseko ongenacalucalulo weemveliso ezifanayo) wesivumelwano jikelele seRhafu norhwebo (GATT).
Ishishini lentsimbi kunye nentsimbi lishishini elinokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni enkulu kuqoqosho lweshishini lehlabathi.Ngelo xesha, i-iron kunye ne-iron industry ine-chain chain chain kunye nefuthe elibanzi.Ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo weentlawulo zekhabhoni kweli shishini lijongene nemingeni emikhulu.Isindululo se-EU "sokukhula kohlaza kunye nenguqu yedijithali" ngokubalulekayo kukwandisa ukukhuphisana kwamashishini emveli afana noshishino lwentsimbi.Ngo-2021, imveliso yentsimbi ekrwada ye-EU yayiziitoni ze-152.5 yezigidi, kwaye iYurophu iphela yayiziitoni ze-203.7 yezigidi, kunye nokunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-13.7%, kubalelwa kwi-10.4% yemveliso yentsimbi ekrwada yehlabathi.Kunokuqwalaselwa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo we-carbon tariff we-EU uzama ukuseka inkqubo entsha yorhwebo, ukuqulunqa imithetho emitsha yorhwebo malunga nokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nophuhliso lwamashishini, kwaye uzame ukufakwa kwinkqubo yentlangano yorhwebo lwehlabathi ukwenza kube luncedo kwi-EU. .
Ngokwenene, intlawulo yekhabhoni ngumqobo omtsha wokurhweba, ojolise ekukhuseleni ubulungisa be-EU kunye nemarike yensimbi yaseYurophu.Kusekho ixesha leminyaka emithathu lotshintsho phambi kokuba umrhumo wekhabhoni we-EU uphunyezwe ngokwenene.Kusekho ixesha lokuba amazwe kunye namashishini aqulunqe iindlela zokuchasa.Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni kuya kwanda okanye kunganciphisi.Ishishini lentsimbi kunye nentsimbi yaseTshayina liya kuthatha inxaxheba ngokusebenzayo kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe liyinkosi ilungelo lokuthetha sisicwangciso sophuhliso sexesha elide.Kumashishini esinyithi kunye nentsimbi, isicwangciso esisebenzayo sisekuthatha indlela yokuphuhliswa kwekhabhoni kunye ne-low-carbon, ukujongana nobudlelwane phakathi kophuhliso kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa, ukukhawuleza ukuguqulwa kwamandla amadala kunye namatsha e-kinetic, ukuphuhlisa ngamandla amandla amatsha, ukukhawuleza. uphuhliso lobugcisa obuluhlaza kunye nokuphucula ukukhuphisana kwimarike yehlabathi.