Ngomhla we-15 kweyoKwindla, indlela yokulawula umda wekhabhoni (i-CBAM, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-EU carbon tariff) yavunywa kwangaphambili yiBhunga le-EU. Icwangciselwe ukuqaliswa ngokusesikweni ukususela nge-1 kaJanuwari 2023, ibeka ixesha lotshintsho lweminyaka emithathu. Ngaloo mini, kwintlanganiso yekomiti yezoqoqosho nezemali (i-Ecofin) yeBhunga laseYurophu, abaphathiswa bezemali bamazwe angama-27 e-EU bamkele isindululo serhafu yekhabhoni saseFransi, ubongameli obujikelezayo beBhunga laseYurophu. Oku kuthetha ukuba amazwe angamalungu e-EU axhasa ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo werhafu yekhabhoni. Njengesindululo sokuqala sehlabathi sokujongana notshintsho lwemozulu ngendlela yerhafu yekhabhoni, indlela yokulawula umda wekhabhoni iya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kurhwebo lwehlabathi. Kulindeleke ukuba ngoJulayi kulo nyaka, irhafu yekhabhoni ye-EU iya kungena kwinqanaba leengxoxo ezintathu phakathi kweKhomishini yaseYurophu, iBhunga laseYurophu kunye nePalamente yaseYurophu. Ukuba iqhubeka kakuhle, umbhalo wokugqibela wezomthetho uya kwamkelwa.
Ingcamango "yerhafu yekhabhoni" ayikaze isetyenziswe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ukusukela oko yaziswa ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba irhafu yekhabhoni ye-EU inokuba yirhafu ekhethekileyo yokungenisa esetyenziselwa ukuthenga ilayisenisi yokungenisa ye-EU okanye irhafu yokusetyenziswa yasekhaya ehlawuliswa kumxholo wekhabhoni weemveliso ezingenisiweyo, enye yezitshixo zempumelelo yesivumelwano esitsha esiluhlaza se-EU. Ngokweemfuno zerhafu yekhabhoni ye-EU, iya kuhlawulisa irhafu kwisinyithi, isamente, i-aluminium kunye nezichumisi zeekhemikhali ezingeniswe kumazwe nakwiindawo ezinemiqathango yokukhupha ikhabhoni ekhululekileyo. Ixesha lotshintsho lwale ndlela liqala ngo-2023 ukuya ku-2025. Ngexesha lotshintsho, akukho mfuneko yokuhlawula iifizi ezifanayo, kodwa abangenisi kufuneka bangenise izatifikethi zomthamo wokungenisa imveliso, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokukhutshwa okungathanga ngqo, kunye neefizi ezinxulumene nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ezihlawulwa ziimveliso kwilizwe ezivela kulo. Emva kokuphela kwexesha lotshintsho, abangenisi baya kuhlawula iifizi ezifanelekileyo zokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kweemveliso ezingenisiweyo. Okwangoku, i-EU ifune ukuba amashishini ahlole, abale kwaye axele ngexabiso lekhabhoni yeemveliso ngokwawo. Kuya kuba naliphi ifuthe ukuphunyezwa kwerhafu yekhabhoni ye-EU? Ziziphi iingxaki ezijongene nokuphunyezwa kweerhafu zekhabhoni ze-EU? Eli phepha liza kuhlalutya oku ngokufutshane.
Siza kukhawulezisa ukuphuculwa kwemarike yekhabhoni
Izifundo zibonise ukuba phantsi kweemodeli ezahlukeneyo kunye namazinga erhafu ahlukeneyo, ukuqokelelwa kweerhafu zekhabhoni ze-EU kuya kunciphisa urhwebo olupheleleyo lweTshayina neYurophu nge-10% ~ 20%. Ngokwesibikezelo seKhomishini yaseYurophu, iirhafu zekhabhoni ziya kuzisa ii-euro ezi-4 zeebhiliyoni ukuya kwi-15 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro "zengeniso eyongezelelweyo" kwi-EU minyaka le, kwaye ziya kubonisa umkhwa okhulayo unyaka nonyaka kwixesha elithile. I-EU iya kugxila kwiirhafu ze-aluminium, isichumiso sekhemikhali, intsimbi kunye nombane. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba i-EU iya "kuchitha" iirhafu zekhabhoni kwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa amalungiselelo emibutho, ukuze ibe nempembelelo enkulu kwimisebenzi yorhwebo yaseTshayina.
Ngowama-2021, ukuthunyelwa kwentsimbi eTshayina kumazwe angama-27 e-EU nase-UK kufikelele kwiitoni ezizizigidi ezi-3.184, ukunyuka konyaka nonyaka kwe-52.4%. Ngokwexabiso lee-euro ezingama-50 / itoni kwimarike yekhabhoni ngo-2021, i-EU iya kunyanzelisa irhafu yekhabhoni ye-euro ezili-159.2 lezigidi kwiimveliso zentsimbi zaseTshayina. Oku kuya kunciphisa ngakumbi inzuzo yamaxabiso eemveliso zentsimbi zaseTshayina ezithunyelwa kwi-EU. Kwangaxeshanye, iya kukhuthaza neshishini lentsimbi laseTshayina ukuba likhawulezise isantya sokususwa kwekhabhoni kwaye likhawulezise uphuhliso lwemarike yekhabhoni. Phantsi kwempembelelo yeemfuno ezicacileyo zemeko yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemfuno yokwenyani yamashishini aseTshayina yokuphendula ngokukhutheleyo kwindlela yokulawula umda wekhabhoni ye-EU, uxinzelelo lokwakha lwemarike yekhabhoni yaseTshayina luyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ngumba ekufuneka uqwalaselwe nzulu ukuze kukhuthazwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo ishishini lesinyithi nentsimbi kunye namanye amashishini ukuba afakwe kwinkqubo yokurhweba ngokukhupha ikhabhoni. Ngokukhawulezisa ulwakhiwo kunye nokuphucula imakethi yekhabhoni, ukunciphisa inani leerhafu ekufuneka zihlawulwe ngamashishini aseTshayina ukuthumela iimveliso kwimakethi ye-EU kunokuthintela irhafu ephindwe kabini.
Khuthaza ukukhula kwemfuno yamandla aluhlaza
Ngokwesindululo esamkelweyo, irhafu yekhabhoni ye-EU iyayiqonda kuphela ixabiso lekhabhoni elicacileyo, eliya kukhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwemfuno yamandla aluhlaza eTshayina. Okwangoku, akwaziwa ukuba i-EU iyayiqonda na i-CCER (i-CCER) yesizwe saseTshayina. Ukuba imakethi yekhabhoni ye-EU ayiyamkeli i-CCER, okokuqala, iya kuyityhafisa amashishini aseTshayina ajolise ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe ekuthengeni i-CCER ukuze ihlawule ii-quota, okwesibini, iya kubangela ukunqongophala kwee-quota zekhabhoni kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ekhabhoni, kwaye okwesithathu, amashishini ajolise ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe aya kuba nomdla wokufumana iinkqubo zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ngexabiso eliphantsi ezinokuzalisa umsantsa we-quota. Ngokusekelwe kumgaqo-nkqubo wophuhliso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa phantsi kwesicwangciso "sekhabhoni ephindwe kabini" saseTshayina, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza kuye kwabonakala ukuba lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kumashishini ukujongana neerhafu zekhabhoni ze-EU. Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwemfuno yabathengi, oku akuyi kunceda kuphela ukuphucula amandla okusetyenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, kodwa kuya kukhuthaza amashishini ukuba atyale imali ekuveliseni amandla avuselelekayo.
Ukukhawulezisa ukuqinisekiswa kweemveliso zekhabhoni ephantsi kunye nekhabhoni engekhoyo
Okwangoku, i-ArcelorMittal, ishishini lentsimbi laseYurophu, liqalise isiqinisekiso sentsimbi ye-carbon esingenanto ngesicwangciso se-xcarbtm, i-ThyssenKrupp iqalise i-blueminttm, uphawu lwentsimbi ekhupha i-carbon emission ephantsi, i-Nucor steel, ishishini lentsimbi laseMelika, licebise i-carbon steel econiqtm, kwaye i-Schnitzer steel ikwacebise i-GRN steeltm, into esetyenziswa kwi-bar kunye ne-wire. Phantsi kwemvelaphi yokukhawulezisa ukufezekiswa kokunciphisa i-carbon ehlabathini, amashishini entsimbi kunye nentsimbi aseTshayina iBaowu, iHegang, i-Anshan Iron kunye ne-steel, iJianlong, njl. akhuphe imephu yendlela yokunciphisa i-carbon, ahambelana namashishini aphambili kwihlabathi kuphando lwezisombululo zobuchwepheshe obuphambili, kwaye azama ukugqitha.
Ukuphunyezwa kwenyani kusajongene nemiqobo emininzi
Kusekho imiqobo emininzi ekuphunyezweni kokwenyani komrhumo wekhabhoni we-EU, kwaye inkqubo ye-free carbon quota iya kuba ngomnye wemiqobo ephambili ekumiselweni ngokusemthethweni komrhumo wekhabhoni. Ekupheleni kuka-2019, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha samashishini kwinkqubo yokurhweba ngekhabhoni ye-EU asafumana ii-free carbon quota. Oku kuya kuphazamisa ukhuphiswano kwaye akuhambelani nesicwangciso se-EU sokufezekisa ukungathathi cala kwekhabhoni ngo-2050.
Ukongeza, i-EU inethemba lokuba ngokubeka irhafu yekhabhoni enamaxabiso afanayo ekhabhoni yangaphakathi kwiimveliso ezifanayo ezingenisiweyo, iya kuzama ukuhambelana nemithetho efanelekileyo yombutho wezorhwebo wehlabathi, ingakumbi iNqaku 1 (unyango lwesizwe oluthandwa kakhulu) kunye neNqaku 3 (umgaqo ongacaluliyo weemveliso ezifanayo) wesivumelwano ngokubanzi malunga neeRhafu kunye norhwebo (GATT).
Ishishini lesinyithi nentsimbi lelona shishini likhupha ikhabhoni eninzi kuqoqosho lwezoshishino lwehlabathi. Kwangaxeshanye, ishishini lesinyithi nentsimbi linomxokelelwane omde wezoshishino kunye nempembelelo ebanzi. Ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo werhafu yekhabhoni kweli shishini kujongene nemingeni emikhulu. Isiphakamiso se-EU "sokukhula okuluhlaza kunye notshintsho lwedijithali" ngokuyintloko kukuphucula ukhuphiswano lwamashishini emveli afana neshishini lesinyithi. Ngo-2021, imveliso yentsimbi eluhlaza ye-EU yayiziitoni ezili-152.5 lezigidi, kwaye eyonke iYurophu yayiziitoni ezingama-203.7 zezigidi, kunye nokunyuka konyaka kwe-13.7%, okubangela i-10.4% yemveliso iyonke yentsimbi eluhlaza yehlabathi. Kungacingelwa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu yekhabhoni we-EU ukwazama ukuseka inkqubo entsha yorhwebo, ukwenza imithetho emitsha yorhwebo malunga nokujongana notshintsho lwemozulu kunye nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso, kunye nokuzama ukufakwa kwinkqubo yombutho worhwebo lwehlabathi ukuze ibe luncedo kwi-EU.
Ngokwenyani, irhafu yekhabhoni ngumqobo omtsha kurhwebo, ojolise ekukhuseleni ubulungisa be-EU kwanemarike yentsimbi yaseYurophu. Kusekho ixesha lotshintsho lweminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuba irhafu yekhabhoni ye-EU iqaliswe ngokwenene. Kusekho ixesha lokuba amazwe kunye namashishini enze amanyathelo okuchasana. Amandla okubopha emithetho yamazwe ngamazwe malunga nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni aya kwanda okanye anganciphi. Ishishini lesinyithi nentsimbi laseTshayina liya kuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwaye kancinci kancinci lilawule ilungelo lokuthetha sisicwangciso sophuhliso sexesha elide. Kumashishini esinyithi nentsimbi, icebo elisebenzayo kukuthatha indlela yophuhliso oluluhlaza nolunekhabhoni ephantsi, ukujongana nobudlelwane phakathi kophuhliso kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, ukukhawulezisa utshintsho lwamandla amadala namatsha e-kinetic, ukuphuhlisa ngamandla amandla amatsha, ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji eluhlaza kunye nokuphucula ukukhuphisana kwemarike yehlabathi.